Objective To investigate intestinal pathogens carried by common fly species in Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China, so as to provide scientific evidence for the control of flies and associated infectious diarrhea diseases. Methods In the last ten days of each month from April to November 2021, Musca domestica flies were netted in rural houses and farmers' markets and around restaurants, and Lucilia sericata and Sarcophaga peregrina flies were netted in parks, residential areas, and farmers' markets. The flies collected were frozen for classification and identification. The microfluidic chip V3 for gastrointestinal infection was used to detect pathogens related to infectious diarrhea diseases. Excel 2019 and SPSS 22.0 were used for statistical analysis. Results A total of 1 544 M. domestica, 642 L. sericata, and 509 S. peregrina flies were captured. The pathogen detection rates of M. domestica, L. sericata, and S. peregrina were 37.29% (44/118), 67.50% (27/40), and 70.97% (22/31), respectively, which were statistically different ( χ ²=17.936, P<0.001). There were statistical differences in the detection rates of bacteria and viruses between the three fly species ( χ ²=44.547, P<0.001; χ ²=26.519, P<0.001). A total of 11 types of pathogens (six species of bacteria, three species of viruses, and two species of parasites) were detected in M. domestica, mainly including Blastocystis hominis (42.37%), Sapovirus (20.34%), and Cryptosporidium (10.17%). A total of 12 types of pathogens (seven species of bacteria, three species of viruses, and two species of parasites) were detected in L. sericata, mainly including Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC, 18.75%), Astroviruses (13.75%), and Sapovirus (11.25%). A total of 10 types of pathogens (five species of bacteria, three species of viruses, and two species of parasites) were detected in S. peregrina, mainly including STEC (22.22%), Astroviruses (14.81%), and Sapovirus (14.81%). The pathogen detection rate of M. domestica was the lowest in Pudong New Area. The pathogens carried by M. domestica were different from those carried by the other two species. Conclusions The common fly species in Pudong New Area carried a variety of intestinal diarrhea diseases-associated pathogens, and the species of pathogens differed in different fly species. Environmental management should be strengthened and scientific fly control strategies should be formulated.

Objective To investigate the laboratory efficacy (killing effect, chain-killing effect, and the effect of food source on chain-killing effect) against Blattella germanica of four cockroach-killing gel baits (2.15% imidacloprid gel bait, 1.00% chlorpyrifos gel bait, 0.50% dinotefuran gel bait, and 0.05% fipronil gel bait) of the same brand. Methods According to the national standard methods (GB/T 13917.7-2009), the laboratory efficacy of the four gel baits was tested; the chain-killing effect was tested by feeding live cockroaches with dead ones killed by the gel baits; the influence of food source on chain-killing effect was tested by feeding live cockroaches with bait-killed cockroaches mixed with cat food. The data were recorded in Excel 2007 software. DPS V 9.01 software was used to calculate the median lethal time (LT ₅₀), 95% confidence interval ( CI), and toxicity regression equation of B. germanica, and the significance of LT ₅₀ was analyzed, if 95% CI of LT ₅₀ ratio of two baits included 1, there was no significant difference in LT ₅₀ between the two baits. Results In the laboratory efficacy test, the LT ₅₀ values of 2.15% imidacloprid gel bait, 1.00% chlorpyrifos gel bait, 0.50% dinotefuran gel bait, and 0.05% fipronil gel bait were 2.823 9 (2.581 8-3.079 0) d, 0.745 5 (0.603 4-0.890 3) d, 0.793 5 (0.630 9-0.959 3) d, and 0.846 5 (0.464 7-1.228 0) d, respectively; only the imidacloprid group showed significant differences from the other three groups (95% CI of LT ₅₀ ratio of two baits did not include 1). In the chain efficacy experiment, the mortality rate on day 30 was >98.00% for all the four baits; the LT ₅₀ values of the four gel baits were 6.012 4 (5.229 7-6.754 5) d, 2.459 0 (1.982 1-2.940 2) d, 3.654 1 (3.150 1-4.145 6) d, and 4.589 3 (4.064 6-5.088 8) d, respectively; multiple comparisons showed significant differences between any two baits (95% CI of LT ₅₀ ratio of two baits did not include 1). After adding cat food for all the four baits, the chain-killing effect was significantly weakened, the mortality rate was decreased, and the LT ₅₀ was increased (95% CI of post-pre LT ₅₀ ratio did not include 1); the inhibition ratios were 1.21, 9.80, 2.77, and 2.07 times, respectively. Conclusion The four cockroach-killing gel baits show good laboratory efficacy, and 1.00% chlorpyrifos gel bait, 0.50% dinotefuran gel bait, and 0.05% fipronil gel bait can kill cockroaches quickly. It is necessary to control the interference of food source on the gel bait when control cockroaches. Alternative use of gel baits of different constituents can achieve a better killing effect.

Objective To investigate the control effect of a new mosquito control film on larvae and pupae of Aedes albopictus, and to evaluate its influence on mosquito growth and development and its lethal activity. Methods From July to September 2019, 30 larvae or pupae of Ae. albopictus were placed in enamel pots containing different types of insecticides using the larval dipping method in the laboratory, and their death time and the status of pupation or emergence were observed and recorded. SPSS 18.0 software was used to calculate the median lethal time (LT ₅₀) and 95% confidence interval ( CI), establish a toxicity regression equation, and conduct a statistical analysis. Results The Ae. albopictus pupae in the new mosquito control film group and the temephos group had 24-hour mortality rates of 100% and 2.22%, respectively, with a significant difference between the two groups ( χ ²=172.174, P<0.001); the surviving pupae of the temephos group all emerged as adult mosquitoes. The larvae in the Bacillus sphaericus group, the B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis group, and the temephos group all had a 24-hour mortality rate of 100%. The larvae treated with the new mosquito control film had 24-hour mortality rates of 55.56% and 60.00% when observed once every 1 and 5 hours, respectively, with no significant difference between the two observation groups ( χ ²=0.364, P>0.05); all the surviving larvae in the two groups did not pupate. The larvae in the older group and the younger group had 24-hour mortality rates of 90.00% and 18.89%, respectively, after being treated with the new mosquito control film, with a significant difference between the two groups ( χ ²=91.747, P<0.001). Conclusion The new mosquito control film has good control effect on larvae and pupae of Ae. albopictus, which can be used for mosquito prevention and control.

Objective To investigate the current status of vector control in medical institutions in Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China, and to provide evidence for effective supervision, the surveillance, and control. Methods Data capture and on-site investigation were combined to collect logs and commission contracts about vector control in medical institutions, examined the control measures and expenditure of funds, and investigated mosquito breeding, fly-proof and rodent-proof facilities, and cockroach infestation in the field according to national standards. Results The implementation rates of vector control in community hospitals and secondary/tertiary hospitals were 70.21% (33/47) and 100% (16/16), respectively. Among the 33 community hospitals conducting vector control measures, the work was self-funded in 22 (66.67%) hospitals, and was financed by the Patriotic Health Campaign Committee of sub-districts/towns in the remaining 11 (33.33%) hospitals. The container index was significantly higher in community hospitals than in secondary/tertiary hospitals (10.06% vs 3.70%, χ ²=5.435, P<0.05). There were significant differences between community hospitals and secondary/tertiary hospitals in terms of the pass rate of fly-proof facilities (33.06% vs 50.00%, χ ²=5.674, P<0.05), the pass rate of rodent-proof facilities (75.76% vs 93.09%, χ ²=39.532, P<0.01), and the infestation rate of cockroaches (4.60%[68/1479] vs 1.00%[4/398], χ ²=10.973, P<0.01). Conclusion The implementation rate of vector control in community hospitals is relatively low, needing strengthened supervision. The relatively low pass rates of fly-proof and rodent-proof facilities in medical institutions are a potential threat to normal clinical practice and nosocomial infection control, and medical institutions should pay great attention to them.

Objective To grasp the environmental distribution and density fluctuation of Aedes albopictus in Minhang district, Shanghai, China, and to provide a reference for scientific prevention and control of dengue epidemic. Methods From May to October 2018, the Breteau index (BI) method and the mosquito ovitrap index (MOI) method were applied to monitor Ae. albopictus larvae in residential areas, hospitals, and schools, and from April to November 2018, the carbon dioxide trapping method was adopted to monitor adult Ae. albopictus in residential areas, rural households, and hospitals, in order to observe the distribution characteristics and population density fluctuation of Ae. albopictus in different seasons. Results Both BI and MOI in Minhang district showed a unimodal trend. BI peaked in July (peak value 17.82) and MOI peaked in August (peak value 13.50). Both indices were found highest in schools and kindergartens (BI:17.57; MOI:11.84). Adult Ae. albopictus density measured by the carbon dioxide trapping method showed a unimodal trend. The peak value (2.40) was observed in August, and the highest density (3.84) was found in residential areas. Conclusion During the peak period of dengue epidemic, scientific and effective methods should be adopted to monitor the density fluctuation of Ae. albopictus, and comprehensive control should be carried out based on the monitoring data to effectively prevent outbreak of dengue fever in the local area.

Objective To grasp the resistance levels of Aedes albopictus to commonly used insecticides and their trends in Fengxian district, Shanghai, China, and to provide a scientific basis for the protection against vectors and the prevention and control of dengue fever in the major urban activities. Methods The larval dipping method recommended by the World Health Organization was used to determine the insecticide resistance of Ae. albopictus larvae. Results In 2015, 2018, and 2019, the Ae. albopictus larvae showed varying degrees of resistance to three insecticides, temephos, deltamethrin, and beta-cypermethrin, and the resistance coefficient overall showed an upward trend first and then a downward trend. In recent 5 years, the overall level of resistance to temephos has been lower than that to deltamethrin and beta-cypermethrin, which remained at a low level from 2015 and 2018 and decreased to a sensitive level (resistance ratio 1.25) in 2019; the resistance to deltamethrin was highest in 2018, reaching a high resistance level (resistance ratio 68.75), and showing a fluctuating trend from medium to high and then to medium resistance; the resistance to beta-cypermethrin remained at a medium level from 2015 and 2018, and dropped to a low level (resistance ratio 7.00) in 2019. In 2019, the insecticides that controlled mosquito larvae were mainly organophosphates, of which the dose of temephos accounted for 33.87% of the total dose of insecticides used; the insecticides that controlled adult mosquitoes were mainly pyrethroids and carbamates, of which the doses of beta-cyfluthrin, permethrin-allethrin, and permethrin-tetramethylfluthrin accounted for 41.17%. Conclusion Aedes albopictus in Fengxian district has developed resistance to deltamethrin and beta-cypermethrin insecticides. A reasonable rotation or mixed use of insecticides should be adopted to effectively alleviate and reduce the development of insecticide resistance.

Objective To investigate the resistance to common insecticides in Aedes albopictus, Musca domestica, and Blattella germanica in Hongkou district, Shanghai, China, and to provide a scientific basis for rational selection and use of insecticides. Methods The larval dipping method recommended by WHO was used to test the resistance of Ae. albopictus larvae to insecticides by measuring median lethal concentrations. Micro-topical application was used to test the resistance of M. domestica to insecticides by determining median lethal doses. The residual film method was applied to test the resistance of B. germanica to insecticides by recording median knockdown time. Results In 2017 and 2019, Ae. albopictus larvae in Hongkou district of Shanghai showed resistance ratios of 0.44 (low resistance) and 4.94 (moderate resistance) to temephos, respectively; in 2017, the resistance ratio to beta-cypermethrin was 16.89 (moderate resistance); deltamethrin resistance ratios were 34.25 (moderate resistance); the resistance ratio to propoxur was 1.59 (sensitive); in 2019, the larvae exhibited a moderate resistance level of 13.40 to permethrin. In 2016 and 2018, M. domestica were at high resistance levels of 29.07 and 39.53 to beta-cypermethrin, respectively; in 2016, the ratios for deltamethrin and dichlorvos were 112.86 (high resistance) and 4.37 (low resistance), respectively; in 2018, the ratios for pirimiphos-methyl and permethrin were 4.03 (low resistance) and 13.08 (moderate resistance), respectively. In 2015 and 2018, the resistance ratios of B. germanica to beta-cypermethrin were 3.05 (low resistance) and 1.60 (sensitive), respectively; the ratios for deltamethrin were 4.31 (low resistance) and 6.13 (low resistance), respectively; the ratios for acephate were 0.93 (low resistance) and 1.10 (low resistance), respectively; in 2015, B. germanica showed a low resistance ratio of 2.69 to propoxur. Conclusion Aedes albopictus, M. domestica, and B. germanica in Hongkou district have varying degrees of resistance to commonly used insecticides. It is necessary to strengthen insecticide resistance surveillance and formulate management strategies for scientific and rational use of insecticides.

Objective To investigate the current status and development in the resistance of Aedes albopictus and Musca domestica to common insecticides in Shanghai, China, and to provide a theoretical basis for the scientific and rational use of chemical insecticides. Methods The larval dipping method recommended by WHO was used to test resistance for the late third-instar or early fourth-instar larvae of Ae. albopictus. Topical application was used to determine resistance for female M. domestica at 3-5 days post eclosion. Results At all surveillance points, the resistance of Ae. albopictus and M. domestica to pyrethroids was significantly higher than that to carbamates and organophosphates. The percentages of areas where Ae. albopictus was sensitive to temephos and deltamethrin increased from 33.33% to 44.44% and 6.67% to 12.50%, respectively; resistance to beta-cypermethrin and propoxur showed a growing trend, and the percentages of areas with high beta-cypermethrin resistance increased from 6.67% to 20.00% and propoxur-resistant areas reached 100%. For M. domestica, dichlorvos resistance showed a downward trend, and the proportions of sensitive areas grew from 16.67% to 50.00%; the percentages of areas with resistance to beta-cypermethrin and deltamethrin increased, and the latter even rose from 84.62% to 100%, increasing by 18.20% year on year; resistance to pirimiphos-methyl generally exhibited an upward trend, and the proportion of high resistance ascended to 33.33%, with an increase of 33.33% year on year. Conclusion Aedes albopictus and M. domestica in Shanghai have developed varying degrees of resistance to common insecticides such as organophosphates, pyrethroids, and carbamates. It is recommended that insecticides with high resistance should be discontinued for 1-2 years, agents with moderate resistance should be used appropriately, and those with low resistance can be used alternately, in order to delay the development of resistance in Shanghai, China.

Objective To investigate rodent infestation in machinery rooms in a large building complex, to preliminarily explore the spatial distribution of rodents in large building complexes, and to provide a basis for rodent control. Methods In middle and late April, 2018, more than 90 professional technicians performed a general investigation on rodent trace in high-voltage (HV) and low-voltage (LV) machinery rooms and HVAC machinery rooms in a large building complex using the rodent trace method. Excel 2017, SPSS 20.0 and ArcGIS 10.1 softwares were used for data entry, statistical analysis (paired chi-square test), and spatial analysis, respectively. Results A total of 1 304 machinery rooms were investigated, including 532 HV machinery rooms, 377 LV machinery rooms, 386 HVAC machinery rooms, and 9 machinery rooms of other types. The standard positive rate of rodent trace per room were 1.33%, 2.15%, 0.42%, and 0 for the HV machinery rooms, LV machinery rooms, HVAC machinery rooms, and machinery rooms of other types in the venue, respectively, with significant differences observed between the rooms ( χ ²=14.182, P<0.05); the overall positive rate of rodent trace was 0.85%. The positive rates of rodent trace were 1.69%, 1.26%, and 1.09%, respectively, for the 3rd, 6th, and 1st floors of the building, significantly higher than those on the other floors ( χ ²=13.051, P<0.05). The positive rate of rodent trace was 1.02% for areas near the main road and 1.09% for areas far from the main road, with no significant difference between them ( χ ²=0.028, P>0.05). The positive rates of rodent trace for the three areas centered around the central region from near to far were 0.53%, 0.88%, and 1.50%, respectively, showing an increasing trend but no significant differences between them ( χ ²=3.528, P>0.05). Conclusion Rodent infestation still exists in large building complexes. Rodent activity is closely related to food sources and accessible space. Long-term and continuous rodent density surveillance should be performed and effective control measures should be adopted.

Objective To preliminarily explore the resistance mechanism of pyriproxyfen-resistant Culex pipiens pallens by comparing the biochemical characteristics of glutathione s-transferases (GSTs) between resistant and susceptible populations of Cx. pipiens pallens. Methods The pyriproxyfen-resistant and susceptible populations of Cx. pipiens pallens were chosen through indoor successive selection as the research objects. And the activities of GSTs were determined according to the method reported by Habig et al. (1976). Statistical analysis was thus performed using the t-test for sample mean comparison. Results The optimal substrate of GSTs from Cx. pipiens pallens was 1-chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB). When CDNB was used as the substrate, the activities of GSTs in the resistant and susceptible populations were 3.626×10 ^-4 and 2.737×10 ^-4 nmol/mg protein·min, respectively. The hydrolytic activity of Cx. pipiens pallens GSTs increased with the elevation of substrate concentrations[i.e., CDNB and DCNB (1, 2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene)]. In a certain concentration range, the hydrolytic activity of GSTs in the resistant population was slightly higher than that in the susceptible population towards both substrates. When CDNB was used as the substrate, the Michaelis constant ( Km) and maximum reaction rate ( Vmax) of GSTs in the resistant population were 8.01 mmol/L and 4.87×10 ² μmol/min·mg, respectively, while those in the susceptible population were 1.11 mmol/L and 3.87×10 ² μmol/min·mg, respectively. There were significant differences between these two populations regarding Km and Vmax ( t _a=11.415, t _b=6.411, all P<0.05). When DCNB was used as the substrate, there was no significant difference between the two populations regarding Km and Vmax of GSTs ( t _c=0.134, t _d=1.280, all P>0.05). Conclusion GSTs may play an antidotal and metabolic role in the formation of pyriproxyfen resistance in Cx. pipiens pallens.

Objective To explore the risk factors of mosquito-borne diseases and to evaluate the effect of 1% temophos granule on the mosquitoes, so as to provide information for mosquito control operations. Methods The survey used a random sampling of eight residential areas, setting up the experimental and the control group in July-September in 2017 in Qibao town, Minhang district, Shanghai. After putting 1% temophos granule(Abate) into the rain wells, we investigated the positive rate of mosquito larvae, monitored the density of adult mosquito by CO₂ mosquito trap, and calculated the mosq-ovitrap index utilizing Mosq-ovitrap. The Excel 2007 software was used to establish the databas. The SPSS 21.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Counting data were expressed as percentages, and Chi square test and Rank sum test were used for correlation analysis. Statistical significant difference was decided at P<0.05. Results A total of 1 200 rainwater wells were investigated. The positive rate of mosquitoes between experimental group(74/592, 12.50%) and untreated control group(138/608, 22.70%) of rainwater wells had statistically significant differences(χ²=21.443, P=0.000). The positive rate of mosquito between experimental group(21/161, 13.04%) and control group(68/166, 40.96%) of grate type rainwater wells had statistical significance (χ²=32.163, P=0.000). Yet, the positive rate of mosquitoes between experimental group (53/431, 12.30%) and control group (70/442, 15.84%) of inspection wells had no statistical significance (χ²=2.259, P=0.133). In total, 1 696 adult mosquitoes were captured by CO₂ mosquito traps. The experimental group(average density 0.58 mosquitos/hour) and control group(average density 2.36 mosquitos/hour) had statistical significance(Z=4.460, P=0.000). The test showed that the density of Culex pipiens pallens(Z=4.374, P=0.000) and the density of Aedes albopictus(Z=4.459, P=0.000) were statistically significant by rank sum test, and there was no significant difference in Cx. tritaeniorhynchus(Z=1.000, P=0.317). A total of 900 mosquito ovitraps were deployed, with 825 retrieved and 299 positives. The Mosq-ovitrap index(MOI) had statistically significant(χ²=61.285, P=0.000) between experimental and untreated control groups in Ae. albopictus, MOI in the experimental group was approximately half of the control group. Conclusion The density of larval and adult mosquitoes could be effectively reduced through dosing 1% temephos granule into rainwater wells especially grate type in residential areas. The control effect is particularly obvious to Ae. albopictus.

Objective To understand the seasonal dynamics of Aedes albopictus larvae and their insecticides resistance distribution in Shanghai and provide science evidence for rational application of insecticides. Methods Density of Ae. albopictus larvae was surveyed by Breteau index(BI) method and Mosquito and oviposition positive index (MOI) method in residential areas, green areas, indoors of public areas and other institutions once a month. Larvae resistance was tested by dipping method recommended by WHO. Results Aedes albopictus had one peak in Shanghai in 2015-2016, and the peak was from June to July. The highest BIs were 6.50 and 6.18 in 2015 and 2016, respectively. The highest MOIs were 10.72 and 6.60 in 2015 and 2016, respectively. The Ae. albopictus larvae showed medium to high resistance to Deltamethrin and beta Cypermethrin, and the highest resistance ratios were 77.00 and 81.00 in Putuo district respectively. Larvae developed low to medium resistance to propoxur, and low resistance to temephos. Conclusion It is necessary to strengthen density and resistance surveillance of Ae. albopictus, and choose insecticides reasonably to delay the development of insecticide resistance and improve control efficacy.

Objective To preliminarily explore biochemical resistance mechanism by comparison the biochemical characteristic of carboxylesterase in pyriproxyfen-resistantand susceptible population of Culex pipiens pallens. Methods The activity of carboxylesteres (CarE) was determined by van Aspern(1962). Results The tendency of CarE activity change in hydrolyzing α-naphthyl acetate (α-NA) or β-naphthyl acetate (β-NA) depended on substrate concentration. The hydrolyzing activity was significantly higher in resistant population than in susceptible population with α-NA and β-NA as substrates within the certain concentration range. When substrate was β-NA, the Kinetic parameters (K_m) and V_max of CarE were 27.20×10-5 mol/L and 115.00×10-5 A/(mg·pro·min) in resistance population respectively, and that of CarE in susceptible population were 104.00×10^-5 mol/L and 207.00×10^-5 A/(mg·pro·min). Difference between them was significant (t_b=2.74, t_c=3.16). When substrate was α-NA, there was no significant difference between K_m (131.00×10^-5 mol/L) in resistance population and K_m (75.20×10^-5 mol/L) in susceptible population; but difference was significant between V_max of them. The CarE from resistant population was more sensitive to DDVP (dichlorvos) and propoxur than that from susceptible population. Conclusion Enhanced CarE activity maybe attributable to the resistance of Cx. pipiens pallens to pyriproxyfen.

Objective The Metro system is an important part of urban transportation, rodents can cause damages which lead to transit malfunctions. Rodent invasions were investigated in the Shanghai metro system. Methods Visual observations of standardized areas (15 m²) and food lure method were used in the investigation. Results Both showed evidence of rodent activity (3.8% for visual observation method and 9.8% for food lure method respectively). Conclusion Rodent invasions have been found in the Shanghai metro system. Rodent infestation will rise up along with the service time of the metro lines.

Objective To determine the cross-resistance spectrum of pyriproxyfen-resistant Culex pipiens pallens to other common insecticides and provide a basis for the optimal application of insecticides. Methods The larvae dipping method recommend by WHO was used to determine the median lethal concentration(LC₅₀)against insecticides tested. Results The resistance-ratio of Cx. pipiens pallens to pyriproxyfen increased to 5.69 after 12 generations of selection. There was a low cross resistance to deltamethrin and etofenprox, but no cross resistance to temephos, baytex and diflubenzuron. Conclusion The resistance to pyriproxyfen and cross-resistance to other insecticides are expected to occur after long-time application of pyriproxyfen,therefore strategies must be implemented to mitigate the development of resistance and cross resistance.

Objective To compare grid method, vision method, sticky trap method, and cage trap method in terms of the surveillance results of fly density and to provide a basis for effective application of grid method in the surveillance of fly density. Methods Surveillance of fly density was performed inside and outside the farmer’s market according to GB/T 23796-2009 Surveillance Methods for Vector Density-Fly. Results In the indoor surveillance, the fly density measured by grid method was lower than those measured by sticky trap method and vision method, but without significant differences between them. There was a strong correlation between the fly densities measured by grid method and vision method( r＝0.933 489, P＝0.000), and a good correlation was also seen between those measured by grid method and sticky trap method( r＝0.791 836, P＝0.004). In the outdoor surveillance, the fly density measured by grid method was lower than that measured by vision method and a little higher than that measured by cage trap method, but without significant differences between them. There was no correlation between the fly densities measured by grid method and vision method( r＝0.408 318, P＝0.212), but a good correlation was seen between those measured by grid method and cage trap method( r＝0.848 092, P＝0.001). Conclusion Grid method can be used for the surveillance of fly density. It can serve as a substitute for vision method and sticky trap method in the indoor surveillance and for cage trap method in the outdoor surveillance.

Objective To compare the mosquito-trapping effects of black boxes with different opening directions, and to explore the operation guidelines for black box method in mosquito surveillance. Methods The black boxes with different opening directions were used, and 24 h night-and-day observation method was adopted. Results There were significant differences in trapped mosquito number among the black boxes with different opening directions (χ ²=44.82, P<0.05). The black box toward the west can trap the most mosquitoes. The results from the 24 h night-and-day observation method showed that the number of mosquitoes trapped by black boxes reached the peak level in the morning (a.m. 05:00-07:00) and in the evening (p.m. 18:00-20:00), and the number of the mosquitoes trapped in the black box toward the west was the largest in each period of time, displaying significant differences (χ ²=259.56, P<0.05). The seasonal fluctuation of adult mosquitoes monitored by black box method was similar to that by labor hour method, showing correlation and consistency between them ( r=0.696, P<0.01). There was no significant difference in mosquito species composition as monitored by black box method and labor hour method (χ ²=4.54, P>0.05), but there was significant difference in mosquito sex (χ ²=121.13, P<0.05). Conclusion The black box toward the west is the best for trapping mosquitoes, and can be used for regular mosquito surveillance and the evaluation of mosquito control in special areas.

Objective To evaluate the application of black box method in mosquito surveillance by comparing the results from black box and lamp trap methods. Methods Two lamps were set at each surveillance site and one black box was put at a 10 m interval from each lamp. Surveillance was conducted twice every month. Results The total number of captured mosquitoes and the number of female mosquitoes by the lamp trap method was 3.50 times and 3.75 times higer than those monitored by black box method, respectively. The seasonal fluctuation curves reflected by both Methods were unimodal, with a peak in July. The monthly calculations of mosquitoes of the two Methods were highly correlated. Mosquitoes captured by the black box method included Culex pipens pallens (84.64%), Cx. tritaeriorhynchus (10.02%), and Anopheles sinensis (3.34%), and those by the lamp trap method were Cx. pipens pallens (80.47%), Cx. tritaeriorhynchus (11.79%), and An. sinensis (6.88%). Only a few Aedes albopictus and Armigeres subalbatus were trapped. The male-female ratios were similar between the two methods, whereas great difference in the mosquito number was found in distinct environments. Black box method was more effective in parks and hospitals than the other, while lamp trap was more effective in pasture lands and farms. Two peaks of mosquito density were shown on 05: 00 and 19: 00 with environmental difference between day and night. The day and night peaks of density were also present in parks, farms and pasture lands except hospitals and residential areas where only one night peak was shown. Conclusion With fewer requirements for equipment, operation skills and power supply, the black box method is an effective alternative to the lamp trap approach. Deployment before the night peak of density and collection after the early morning peak is recommended for mosquito monitoring.

Objective To compare mosquito densities using the black box method and the carbon dioxide method and explore the application of the black box approach. Methods The black box method and the carbon dioxide method were used to measure mosquito density and composition at seven locations in two districts of Shanghai. Correlations between species composition, sex ratios and seasonal variation were compared using the two Methods. Results The average mosquito density using the black box method (25.63 mosquitoes/box) was 3.50 times higher than the carbon dioxide method (7.32 mosquitoes/ device), and the average density of female mosquitoes using the black box method (14.65 mosquitoes/box) was 2.35 times higher than the carbon dioxide method (6.23 mosquitoes/device), densities were significantly different. The density indices of the two approaches were not correlated. The species composition recorded by the black box method was: Culex pipiens pallens (94.97%), Aedes albopictus (4.97%), Cx. tritaeriorhynchus (0.03%), and Anopheles sinensis (0.03%). The species composition recorded by the carbon dioxide method was: Cx. pipiens pallens (79.26%), Ae. albopictus (18.27%), Cx. tritaeriorhynchus (2.10%) and An. sinensis (0.37%). The differences in composition were also statistically significant. Conclusion As compared to the carbon dioxide method, the black box method is readily applicable, simple, affordable and can be used in most locations, particularly habitats dominated by Cx. pipiens pallens. The carbon dioxide method can be used for the monitoring of both Cx. pipiens pallens and Ae. albopictus.

Objective To compare the black box method with the labor hour method in terms of their differences in the surveillance of mosquito density and explore the possibility of substituting black box method for the labor hour method for the surveillance. Methods The differences between the black box method and the labor hour method in terms of their performance in the surveillance of mosquito density and species were compared based on the data from three independent surveillance sites, with the correlation of the two Methods in the surveillance of the species composition ratio, sex ratio and seasonal fluctuation trends examined. Results The Results showed that the density of mosquito by black box method was 1.51 mosquitoes per site, lower than that by labor hour method (3.13 mosquito per box), with a significant difference between them (t＝4.985, P＝0.0025). In terms of the seasonal fluctuation tendency of mosquitoes, similar findings from the two Methods were obtained with good correlation and significant statistical difference (r＝0.8833, P＝0.0084). It was found that the density of female mosquitoes by the labor hour method was 1.88 mosquitoes per site, higher than that by black box method (0.50 mosquito per box) with a significant difference between them (t＝5.043, P＝0.0023). There was no correlation between the fluctuation curves of the two methods(r＝0.4812, P＝0.2743). The species and composition of mosquitoes were also different with the two different methods. The main species collected by the black box method was Culex pipiens pallens(90.6%), followed by Cx.tritaeniorhynchus(4.1%), Aedes albopictus (2.4%) and Armigeres subalbatus(2.9%), with no Anopheles sinensis found. As far as the labor hour method was concerned, Cx. pipiens pallens(42.8%) and Ar. subalbatus (40.3%) were the main species collected, with Cx. tritaeriorhynchus, Ae. albopictus and An. sinensis accounting for 11.7%, 4.7% and 0.5% respectively. In addition, there was a different sex ratio of the mosquitoes collected with the two different methods, with the number of male mosquitoes larger than that of female ones in the surveillance with the black box method, and the opposite being true for the labor hour method. The quantity of female mosquitoes collected by the black box method was close to that by labor hour method, but there was a statistically significant difference (χ²＝146.18, P＜0.001). The quantity of male mosquitoes collected by the black box method was larger than that by the labor hour method with a statistically significant difference (χ²＝513.01, P＜0.0001). Conclusion The black box method, capable of capturing more female than male mosqitoes, is applicable to the surveillance of a variety of mosquito species , but the regularity and standard operating procedure (SOP) of the method as a surveillance tool remains to be studied.

Objective To screen highly attractive formulations to Musca domestica under simulated field conditions in order to determine the optimal bait that can be commercialized for fly density monitoring. Methods Two different bait formulations were used on fly traps in a simulated field to compare their attraction effects. Results After two rounds of screening, SA-8 baits (50 g stale fish gel, 100 g brown sugar and 100 g water) were remarkably superior over other compounds considering the capture rate and cost-effectiveness; its capture rate (36.95%) was higher than that of sugar-vinegar baits (12.64%) with significant difference (χ²＝214.35, P＜0.01). Conclusion SA-8 could be subject to the field test as a candidate bait for further verification of its attraction effect on M. domestica and other fly species.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of 0.5% pyriproxyfen granules for control of Aedes albopictus, providing the basis for mosquito control drugs and techniques during the Shanghai World Expo. Methods Larvae immersion was conducted to determine the mortality, pupation and eclosion rates at different concentrations under laboratory conditions and simulated field conditions. The control effects at 0.06 and 0.08 mg/L on different larval instars were assessed. Pyriproxyfen was applied on-site to the breeding sites of Ae. albopictus (water wells and other water bodies) in residential areas, and the mosquito density was measured using the mosquito biting method. The larvae-containing water bodies were collected from the experiment field for further observation of larval growth and development. Results (1)At the concentration gradient from 0.06 to 0.12 mg/L, the mortality of larvae was 25.75%-49.00% and the pupation rate 31.19%-40.25% under laboratory conditions; adult mosquitoes did not emerge. The pupation rate of the control group was 99.25%, and the eclosion rate was 95.47%;(2)the tested agent inhibited the pupation and eclosion of multiple larval instars at 0.06 and 0.08 mg/L, and the eclosion rate decreased as the concentration rose; (3) under the simulated environment, pyriproxyfen effectively inhibited the pupation and eclosion of mosquitoes at a concentration of above 0.5 mg/L in the shade; and(4)the density of both larval and adult mosquitoes reduced sharply at the breeding sites after on-site application of pyriproxyfen granules, according to the investigation of breeding sites and adult mosquito biting method. Only 0.24%-0.71% of the larvae collected from the water bodies developed into adults. Conclusion Pyriproxyfen can inhibit the growth and development of Ae. albopictus larvae. 1 mg/L of pyriproxyfen can be directly applied to the breeding sites for mosquito control.

Disease vectors are basically organisms that transmit pathogens of various diseases. Shanghai World Expo is to be held during the peak period of disease vectors. Therefore, to reduce densities of disease vectors and lessen the threat of vector?borne diseases has become an important part of public health protection during the Expo. An expert consultation was convened to elaborate issues on the control of disease vectors throughout the Expo, and expert advice was adopted by relevant departments. In view of this, inspection of disease vectors in various industries of the city is further strengthened; technical documents of control measures applicable for the Expo are developed, and emergency response training and drills are improved for the professional and technical personnel of vector control. As a result, a solid foundation has been laid for public health protection, particularly the control of vectors, during the Expo.

【Abstract】 Objective To verify the effect of simvastatin on the population dynamics of Blattella germanica. Methods Two groups of B.germanica were reared with feedstuff containing 0.001% simvastatin and common feed, respectively. The population quantity of different development stages of B.germanica and their constitution ratio were investigate after breeding for different time. Results The quantity of adult cockroaches with oothecae in the tested group reduced gradually after treatment for two months, six months and eight months, respectively. Accordingly, the quantity of male and female adult cockroach also decreased gradually. The nymphae quantity after treated for four months was two times than that after treatment for two months. However, it decreased rapidly in the sixth month, and the quantity of female adults and adults with oothecae reduced to zero in the eighth month. The quantity of male adults and nymphae was 2 and 15, respectively. The quantity of adults with oothscae was all higher than the initial number after they were bred with common feed for two months and six months. But in the forth month, it decreased a little compared to the initial number. And, it was basically equal to the initial number in the eighth month. With the decrease of the adults with oothecae, the quantity of male and female adults also reduced gradually. Similar to the tested group, the nymphae quantity in the control group was the highest after breeding for four month, and then it gradually decreased. In the eighth month, there were 78 nymphae, 5 adult cockroaches with oothacae, 8 female adults and 12 male adults. Conclusion B.germanica would lose the capability of its population restoration after breeding with feed containing 0.001% simvastatin for eighth months.

【Abstract】 Objective To compare biological characteristics and population dynamics of deltamethirn-resistance strain and susceptible strain of Aedes albopictus in the laboratory. Methods Biological characteristics of two mosquito strains such as reproduction, development and bloodsucking were observed and recorded in the laboratory, and the life tables of them were established. Results The hatching rate, pupation rate and emergence rate of resistance strain were lower than that of susceptible strains， decreasing about 16.67%, 8.92%, and 0.44% respectively, and the difference of them were significant（P＜0.05）. The bloodsucking rate and the quantity of female filial generation reproduced by each female of resistance strain were also lower than that of susceptible strain. R₀ and rm of resistance strain were 151.86 and 0.16 respectively, however that of susceptible strain were 177.18 and 0.20.  Conclusion The resistance of Ae.albopictus to deltamethrin results in the decrease of adaptability to environment change and the disadvantage of reproduction.